Utility Billing Software: The Complete Guide + Solutions

Omar Sequera

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Subscribe to our newsletter
Read about our Privacy Policy
Thank you! Your submission has been received!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.

A complete overview into utility billing software solutions.

In today’s fast-paced digital world, managing utility billing efficiently is more important than ever. This guide dives into the game-changing benefits of cloud-based smart utility billing software solutions, showing how they simplify operations, reduce costs, and enhance customer satisfaction. From scalability and flexibility to sustainability and real-time insights, we’ll explore why cloud solutions are transforming the way utilities operate. 

This is a great guide and source of information if you're a utility provider looking to upgrade or just curious about what these systems can do, we will give you all the insights you need to make an informed decision when selecting a smart utilities billing software solution for your organization.

Note: We have taken into consideration the current space in Europe and the United States when creating this guide. If you would like to find out more about our solutions for billing smart utilities, just reach out to us here.

What is a Utility?

A utility refers to essential services that keep our homes, businesses, and communities running smoothly. These services include electricity, water, natural gas, waste management, and even telecommunications in some cases. Utilities are typically managed by specialized companies or public agencies responsible for delivering these resources reliably and efficiently. 

Think of them as the backbone of modern life—when you flip on a light switch, turn on a faucet, or power up your devices, you're using utilities. Behind the scenes, there’s a complex system ensuring fair distribution, proper usage tracking, and accurate billing for these services. This is where utility billing systems, especially cloud-based ones, come into play, simplifying and streamlining these essential processes.

Types of Utilities

Utilities come in various forms, each playing a critical role in our daily lives. Here’s a quick breakdown of the main types:

⚡️Electricity  

Powering everything from our homes to industries, electricity is one of the most vital utilities. Providers manage the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity, ensuring customers are billed accurately for their consumption.

💦 Water 

Water utilities supply clean, safe drinking water to homes and businesses while also managing wastewater services. From tracking water usage to maintaining infrastructure, these services are essential for health and hygiene.

𒃽 Natural Gas  

Often used for heating, cooking, and powering certain appliances, natural gas is another critical utility. Gas providers measure usage, monitor safety, and bill customers based on their consumption.

🗑️ Waste Management

This includes garbage collection, recycling services, and disposal of hazardous waste. While not metered like electricity or water, waste management is an essential utility that ensures communities remain clean and environmentally sustainable.

🗼 Telecommunications

Though traditionally considered separate, modern utility services often include internet, phone, and cable. With our increasing reliance on digital connectivity, telecommunications is becoming a core utility for many.

Each utility has its own unique billing and usage model, which is why solutions that can adapt to these differences—like cloud-based utility billing systems—are becoming indispensable.

Utilities vs Smart Utilities

At their core, utilities and smart utilities serve the same purpose: providing essential services like electricity, water, gas, and waste management. However, the key difference lies in how they operate and leverage technology.  

Traditional Utilities: rely on conventional methods to deliver services and track usage. Billing is often based on manual meter readings or estimated averages, and communication with customers is limited to basic notices and monthly bills. These systems, while functional, can be inefficient, prone to errors, and slow to adapt to changing demands.  

Smart Utilities, on the other hand, are powered by cutting-edge technology, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), smart meters, and real-time data analytics. They go beyond just delivering services—they optimize usage, improve efficiency, and enhance the customer experience. For example, smart electricity meters allow customers to monitor their energy consumption in real-time, helping them make informed decisions to save on costs.  

The key differences include:  

- Data Collection: Traditional utilities rely on periodic manual readings, while smart utilities use automated, real-time data collection.  

- Efficiency: Smart utilities can quickly identify and resolve inefficiencies, such as leaks or power outages, using advanced monitoring tools.  

- Customer Engagement: Smart utilities offer interactive dashboards, real-time notifications, and personalized recommendations, making the customer experience far more engaging.  

In short, smart utilities represent the next step in the evolution of essential services, using technology to make them more efficient, reliable, and user-friendly. And at the heart of this transformation is the need for advanced utilities billing systems that can keep up with the complexity of smart utility operations.

The Best Utility Billing Software Solutions

Utility billing solutions or smart billing are essential for managing and streamlining the billing processes of utility services. Both the United States and Europe offer a variety of software options tailored to different needs. Here's an overview of some notable solutions:

QUIXOTIC

QUIXOTIC is a cloud-based platform designed to automate energy billing and invoicing operations focused in electricity and gas utilities for energy retailers, besides having management software for energy communities. It offers end-to-end automation, integrating with distributors to obtain data, manage billing and collection, and generate official reports for regulatory bodies.

The platform supports multi-commodity, multi-point of supply, and multi-brand data models, making it adaptable for various energy providers in Spain, Portugal and is expanding fast across Europe. 

SkyBill

SkyBill provides a comprehensive billing platform for utilities and property management, supporting services like water, electricity, gas, and more. It offers customizable services and integrates with Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central for finance management and reporting.

MaxBill

MaxBill offers a modern billing and revenue management solution that combines CRM, billing, and meter reading functionalities. It's designed to handle multiple utility services efficiently, reducing errors and workloads.

Aptumo

Aptumo is a global multi-utility SaaS billing software built on the Salesforce platform. Developed by utility specialists, it provides a flexible and agile customer billing solution that can adapt and grow with evolving requirements.

EnergyCAP

EnergyCAP is an energy management and accounting software used for tracking, processing, reporting, and analyzing utility bills. It interfaces with the EPA Energy Star Portfolio Manager and offers multiple versions to meet various user requirements.

SAP IS-U

SAP IS-U is SAP's industry-specific solution for the utilities sector. It supports business functions such as meter reading, billing, invoicing, and customer service, integrating with other SAP components for comprehensive utility management.

Open International's Smartflex

Smartflex is an integrated system that supports customer service processes, billing, and fieldwork within a modular and multi-service platform. It's designed to help utilities succeed in their digital transformation processes.

El Dorado Utility Billing

El Dorado is a full-featured system to manage meter readings, billing, and collections. It offers an integrated customer portal to accept payments and includes an alert system via email, text, or voice calling.

Ampstun

Ampstun is a cloud-based utility billing system that enables users to switch to a complete paperless billing system. It supports various utilities, including electricity, water, and gas, and helps eliminate manual data entry.

Challenges of Smart Utility Billing

Utility billing can be a complex and challenging task, especially for companies managing diverse services like electricity, water, and gas. Traditional systems often struggle with issues such as manual errors, inefficient processes, and adapting to dynamic regulations. These challenges can lead to customer dissatisfaction, delayed payments, and increased operational costs. Here are some of the common hurdles utility providers face and how cloud solutions address them:

Manual Errors and Data Inconsistencies  

Traditional utility billing systems often rely on manual input for meter readings and invoicing. This opens the door to human errors, such as incorrect calculations or data entry mistakes, which can result in billing disputes and financial losses. Furthermore, inconsistent or outdated data can cause inaccuracies that snowball into larger operational inefficiencies.  

ℹ️ How Cloud Solutions Help: Cloud-based billing platforms automate key processes, from data collection via smart meters to invoice generation. This minimizes the risk of human error while ensuring consistent and accurate billing. Real-time data synchronization ensures that all departments work with up-to-date information, improving overall reliability.

Adapting to Regulatory Changes  

Utility providers must navigate a maze of evolving regulations, which can vary by region and service type. Staying compliant with these rules requires constant updates to billing practices, which can be difficult to manage with static, on-premises systems.  

ℹ️ How Cloud Solutions Help: Cloud platforms are designed to adapt to changing regulatory environments. With automatic updates, these systems ensure compliance with the latest laws and standards without requiring manual reconfiguration. This reduces the burden on internal teams and mitigates the risk of penalties.

Inefficient Billing Processes and Delayed Payments  

Traditional systems often involve lengthy billing cycles, with delays caused by manual meter reading, invoice generation, and payment processing. These inefficiencies can impact cash flow and customer satisfaction.  

ℹ️ How Cloud Solutions Help: By automating meter data aggregation, invoice generation, and payment collection, cloud systems drastically shorten billing cycles. They also enable features like automated payment reminders and online portals, which improve customer convenience and accelerate revenue collection.

Limited Scalability and Data Overload  

As utility companies grow, they often face challenges in scaling their smart utilities billing systems to handle larger customer bases and increased data volumes. Legacy systems may become sluggish or unreliable, leading to operational bottlenecks.  

ℹ️ How Cloud Solutions Help: Cloud-based billing solutions are inherently scalable, capable of handling growing customer bases and vast amounts of data with ease. They can process thousands of invoices in minutes, ensuring performance remains consistent even during peak periods.


Trends in Software for Utility Billing

The utility industry is undergoing significant transformation as it adapts to new technologies, regulatory frameworks, and consumer expectations. Modern utility billing systems must evolve to keep up with these shifts, offering innovative features and functionalities. Here are some of the emerging trends shaping the future of utility billing:

Trend #1: Dynamic Pricing Models  

Traditional flat-rate billing is giving way to dynamic pricing models that reflect real-time supply and demand. Time-of-use (TOU) pricing, peak demand charges, and subscription-based billing are becoming increasingly popular. These models encourage customers to modify their consumption patterns, reducing strain on infrastructure during peak periods.  

📈 Why It Matters: Dynamic pricing provides greater cost transparency and helps utilities manage demand more effectively, promoting energy efficiency and grid stability.

Trend #2: Integration of Renewable Energy Billing  

As renewable energy sources like solar and wind become more prevalent, utility billing systems must accommodate new complexities. For instance, customers may act as both consumers and producers (prosumers), requiring systems to handle net metering and crediting for excess energy returned to the grid.  

📈 Why It Matters: Supporting renewable energy billing aligns utilities with sustainability goals and provides a more seamless experience for environmentally conscious consumers.

Trend #3: Smart Metering and IoT Integration  

Smart meters and IoT devices are revolutionizing how utilities collect and analyze usage data. These technologies provide real-time consumption insights, enabling precise billing and personalized energy-saving recommendations.  

📈 Why It Matters: With detailed usage data at their fingertips, customers can take proactive steps to reduce consumption, while utilities can optimize resource distribution and detect anomalies like leaks or outages.

Trend #4: Advanced Analytics and AI-Driven Insights  

Modern billing systems are leveraging advanced analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) to offer predictive insights. AI can forecast usage trends, detect potential fraud, and recommend tailored plans to customers.  

📈 Why It Matters: These insights enhance decision-making for both utilities and consumers, driving efficiency and improving customer satisfaction.

Trend #5: Blockchain for Transparent Transactions  

Blockchain technology is beginning to make its mark in utility billing by offering secure, transparent, and tamper-proof transaction records. It can be particularly useful in peer-to-peer energy trading and managing decentralized energy systems.  

📈 Why It Matters: Blockchain enhances trust and reduces disputes by ensuring that every transaction is verifiable and immutable.

Trend #6: Subscription-Based and Prepaid Models  

Some utilities are shifting toward subscription-based or prepaid billing models, offering consumers greater flexibility and control. These models can reduce administrative costs and appeal to customers seeking predictable expenses.  

📈 Why It Matters: Such models cater to diverse customer needs, providing options for those who prefer control over consumption and spending.

Key Features of a Billing Software for Energy Retailers

Energy retailers face unique challenges, from managing large volumes of data to keeping up with regulatory changes. The right billing software can simplify these tasks while boosting efficiency.

Here’s how these features work:

→ Error Reduction  

Billing errors can lead to customer dissatisfaction and revenue loss. A robust utility billing system ensures accuracy by automating calculations, reducing manual input, and cross-referencing data. Our software at QUIXOTIC minimizes errors by using advanced algorithms and automation to handle complex billing models and validate data from multiple sources before invoicing.

→ Time and Cost Savings  

By streamlining the billing process, software can significantly cut down on labor hours and operational expenses. Automation eliminates repetitive tasks, allowing teams to focus on more strategic activities. 

→ Includes Regulatory Changes  

Energy regulations are dynamic, and staying compliant is crucial. Advanced billing software incorporates regulatory updates automatically, ensuring compliance without extra effort.  

Our solution is designed to adapt to regional regulations and incorporates automated updates, ensuring energy retailers always meet legal requirements across different markets.

→ DSO Data Aggregation and Integration  

Efficient billing software consolidates data from Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to provide a unified view of energy usage and simplify invoicing. A good solution integrates seamlessly with DSO systems, aggregating consumption data and generating accurate invoices while maintaining transparency for energy providers and customers.

→ Scalability  

As energy retailers grow, their billing software must handle increased workloads efficiently. A scalable system ensures high performance even during peak demand. It should be able to process tens of thousands of invoices produced in minutes, not days, making it ideal for both growing and established energy retailers.

→ Cloud-Based

Modern billing systems need to work seamlessly with other cloud tools, such as customer relationship management (CRM) platforms and accounting software. A cloud-based architecture allows easy integration and accessibility. QUIXOTIC is fully cloud-based, offering API integrations with CRMs such as Salesforce and SAP, accounting systems, and other custom enterprise tools, enabling a unified and efficient workflow for energy retailers.

Benefits of Using Cloud Utility Billing Software Solutions

Any solutions for utility billing provide a wide range of advantages for providers and their customers. Here's a closer look at the key benefits:

  1. Scalability: Cloud solutions are designed to grow with your business. Whether you're managing a small utility company or a large-scale operation, these platforms can easily handle increasing customer bases, data volumes, and complex billing models without requiring additional infrastructure.
  1. Cost Efficiency: By eliminating the need for expensive hardware and reducing maintenance costs, cloud billing solutions offer significant savings. Additionally, their pay-as-you-go models allow businesses to control costs by paying only for what they use.

  1. Improved Accuracy: Automation reduces the risk of human error in billing calculations and ensures precise invoicing. This leads to fewer disputes with customers and a smoother billing process overall.

  1. Real-Time Data Access: With cloud-based systems, utility providers and customers can access up-to-date billing and consumption data from anywhere. This transparency empowers customers to monitor their usage while enabling providers to respond quickly to changes.

  1. Customization and Flexibility: Every utility provider has unique needs, and cloud solutions are highly customizable to accommodate various pricing structures, regional regulations, and operational workflows. They also integrate seamlessly with other systems, such as CRM and ERP software.

  1. Enhanced Customer Experience: Cloud platforms offer customer portals where users can view bills, make payments, and monitor energy consumption. Features like automated reminders, notifications, and user-friendly interfaces make the billing process more engaging and convenient.

  1. Faster Billing Cycles: By automating processes like meter reading, invoicing, and payment tracking, cloud solutions significantly reduce the time required to complete billing cycles. This ensures timely revenue collection and improves cash flow.

  1. Compliance and Security: Cloud providers ensure their platforms comply with the latest industry regulations and standards. Additionally, they implement robust security measures, such as encryption and multi-factor authentication, to protect sensitive customer data.

  1. Advanced Analytics and Reporting: Cloud systems come equipped with powerful analytics tools that generate detailed reports on usage patterns, revenue streams, and operational performance. These insights help providers make informed decisions and optimize their services.

  1. Remote Work and Collaboration: Cloud-based platforms enable teams to access billing systems from anywhere, supporting remote work and enhancing collaboration. This flexibility is especially valuable in today’s increasingly remote-friendly work environments.
  2. Faster Deployment: Unlike traditional systems that require time-consuming installations, cloud solutions can be deployed quickly. This allows utility providers to adopt new systems without significant downtime, ensuring a smoother transition.

ROI and Cost-Benefit Analysis

Implementing a cloud utility billing software solution is a significant investment, but it offers substantial returns by enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, and improving customer satisfaction. Understanding the return on investment (ROI) and conducting a cost-benefit analysis can help utility companies make informed decisions. Here’s a breakdown of the key factors:

Reduced Operational Costs  

Traditional utility billing systems often require significant investments in hardware, maintenance, and manual labor. Cloud-based solutions eliminate the need for on-premises infrastructure, reducing IT and staffing costs. Additionally, automation minimizes errors, which can lead to fewer billing disputes and associated administrative overhead.  

💡Example ROI: Companies often report up to a 30% reduction in operational costs within the first year of implementing cloud solutions.

Faster Revenue Collection  

Automated billing processes significantly shorten the time it takes to generate and distribute invoices, leading to faster payments. Features like online payment portals, automated reminders, and flexible payment options further accelerate cash flow.  

💡Example ROI: Reduced billing cycles can improve cash flow by 20–40%, providing immediate financial benefits.


Improved Scalability and Efficiency  

Cloud-based billing solutions can handle tens of thousands of invoices in minutes, making them highly scalable for growing customer bases. Unlike legacy systems, these platforms maintain performance regardless of data volume or complexity, ensuring long-term efficiency.  

💡Cost-Benefit Insight: Scalability reduces the need for frequent upgrades, offering long-term savings as the business grows.

Enhanced Customer Retention and Satisfaction  

Accurate, transparent, and timely billing improves the customer experience, reducing churn rates and fostering trust. Features like real-time usage monitoring, personalized billing plans, and user-friendly portals empower customers and enhance engagement.  

💡Cost-Benefit Insight: Even a small reduction in churn rates can have a significant financial impact, as retaining existing customers is far less expensive than acquiring new ones.

Data-Driven Decision-Making  

Advanced analytics and reporting tools provide actionable insights into usage patterns, customer behavior, and operational performance. These insights enable utilities to make informed decisions, optimize resources, and identify new revenue opportunities.  

Example ROI: Companies leveraging analytics often see a 10–15% improvement in operational efficiency, translating to measurable financial gains.

Calculating ROI of Billing Systems for Smart Utilities

To calculate ROI for a billing solution, use the formula:  

ROI (%) = [(Total Benefits - Total Costs) / Total Costs] x 100

Example Calculation:  

- Total Benefits: $500,000 (from reduced costs, faster billing cycles, and improved customer retention)  

- Total Costs: $150,000 (implementation, training, and subscription fees)  

- ROI: [(500,000 - 150,000) / 150,000] x 100 = 233% ROI

Implementation Process for a Utility Billing Solution

Implementing a utility billing solution is a critical step toward improving operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. While the process may differ depending on the software and organizational needs, it generally involves three key stages: planning and assessment, integration with existing systems, and training and support.

Planning and Assessment  

The implementation journey begins with a thorough evaluation of the organization’s requirements and challenges. This phase involves identifying key pain points, such as billing errors, inefficiencies, or compliance issues, and setting clear objectives for the new system. Stakeholders across departments should work together to create a roadmap that outlines goals, timelines, and benchmarks for success.  

A detailed assessment of current workflows, data structures, and resource allocation ensures that the solution will be tailored to address the organization's unique needs and growth aspirations.

Integration with Existing Systems  

A smooth transition requires seamless integration of the new billing solution with the organization’s existing systems. This includes connecting the software to customer relationship management (CRM) platforms, accounting systems, and data from Distribution System Operators (DSOs).

The integration process often involves mapping data flows, setting up secure connections, and ensuring compatibility between platforms.  

Careful attention to interoperability during this phase minimizes disruptions, ensures data accuracy, and maintains operational continuity while leveraging the full capabilities of the new solution.

Training and Support for Seamless Adoption  

The final step in the implementation process is equipping staff with the skills and confidence to use the system effectively. Comprehensive training sessions tailored to different user roles are essential, whether for billing administrators, customer service representatives, or finance teams. Providing accessible resources, such as user manuals, video tutorials, and FAQs, further supports learning.  

Ongoing support, including troubleshooting assistance and system updates, ensures that the organization can adapt to any changes and continue using the solution efficiently long after implementation.

Successful Billing Implementations in Utility Companies

Implementing advanced billing solutions has enabled utility companies to enhance efficiency and productivity significantly. Here are two real-life examples illustrating these improvements:

Case Study: Gas Utility's Digital Transformation

A gas utility company sought to modernize its operations to address inefficiencies and improve service delivery. By implementing a comprehensive digital transformation strategy, the company achieved remarkable results within a 90-day period:

- Efficiency Improvement: Operational efficiency increased by 29%, streamlining processes and reducing manual interventions.

- Data Quality Enhancement: Data quality improved by 94%, ensuring accurate and reliable information for decision-making.

- Billing Accuracy: Billing accuracy rose by 57%, leading to more precise invoicing and enhanced customer satisfaction.

- Billing Cycle Reduction: The average billing cycle time decreased by 29%, accelerating revenue collection and cash flow.

This transformation not only optimized internal operations but also significantly enhanced the customer experience. 

Case Study: Electric Utility's Operational Overhaul

An electric utility provider recognized the need to address operational challenges and embarked on a digital transformation journey. The implementation of advanced solutions led to:

- Operational Efficiency: Streamlined processes reduced redundancies and improved overall efficiency.

- Enhanced Customer Service: The adoption of digital tools facilitated better customer interactions and service delivery.

- Data-Driven Decision Making: Access to real-time data enabled informed decisions, optimizing resource allocation and planning.

This strategic overhaul not only improved internal workflows but also positioned the company to better meet customer expectations in a rapidly evolving energy landscape.

These case studies demonstrate the tangible benefits that utility companies can achieve through the implementation of advanced billing and operational solutions, leading to increased efficiency, accuracy, and customer satisfaction. 

FAQs for Utility Billing Solutions

Adopting a cloud-based utility billing software solution often raises important questions for utility providers. Here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions to help you make an informed decision:

What types of utilities benefit most from cloud billing?  

Cloud billing solutions are highly versatile and can be tailored to meet the needs of various utility providers, including electricity, water, gas, waste management, and even telecommunications. They are particularly beneficial for utilities with large customer bases, complex billing models, or dynamic pricing structures. Renewable energy providers and energy communities also benefit from these systems, as they can handle net metering, prosumer billing, and crediting for excess energy seamlessly.

How secure is customer data in a cloud-based system?  

Customer data security is a top priority for cloud billing providers. These systems employ robust security measures, including encryption, multi-factor authentication, and compliance with global data protection standards like GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) and CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act). Additionally, regular software updates ensure that systems remain secure against emerging threats. Choosing a trusted provider with a proven track record is essential for maximum data protection.

What should companies look for when selecting a smart billing solution?  

When selecting a billing solution, companies should consider the following factors:  

Scalability: Can the solution grow with your business and handle increasing data volumes?  

Integration Capabilities: Does it integrate seamlessly with existing tools, such as CRMs, accounting software, and smart meters?  

Regulatory Compliance: Is the software updated regularly to comply with local and international regulations?  

Ease of Use: Is the interface user-friendly for both employees and customers?  

Customization: Can the solution adapt to your specific pricing models and operational workflows?  

Support and Training: Does the provider offer adequate support and onboarding to ensure smooth adoption?  

How long does it take to implement a cloud billing solution?  

Implementation timelines vary depending on the complexity of the organization’s needs and the chosen solution. On average, the process can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months. Factors such as system integration, data migration, and staff training impact the timeline. Providers often offer dedicated support to ensure a seamless transition.

Can cloud billing systems handle multi-utility billing?  

Yes, many cloud billing platforms are designed to handle multiple utility types within a single system. This capability allows providers to manage electricity, water, gas, and other services cohesively, streamlining operations and improving efficiency.

What are the key benefits for customers?  

Cloud billing solutions offer several benefits for customers, including:  

- Real-time access to usage data and bills through self-service portals.  

- Flexible payment options, such as online payments and automatic debits.  

- Accurate and transparent billing with fewer disputes.  

- Alerts and notifications for due dates, overages, and energy-saving tips.

Is a cloud-based solution suitable for small utility providers?  

Absolutely! Cloud billing systems are often scalable and offer subscription-based pricing, making them accessible to small and medium-sized utility providers. They provide cost-effective solutions without requiring significant upfront investments in hardware or IT infrastructure.

Conclusion

Utility billing is no longer just about sending invoices; it’s about delivering an efficient, transparent, and customer-centric experience. Cloud-based utility billing solutions have emerged as transformative tools, addressing challenges, embracing emerging trends, and unlocking opportunities for growth and sustainability. From scalability and cost efficiency to advanced analytics and real-time data access, these systems empower utility providers to operate smarter and serve their customers better. 

Whether you’re a small utility company or a large-scale energy retailer, adopting a modern billing solution is not just an upgrade—it’s a step toward future-proofing your business in a rapidly evolving industry. With the right approach and tools, the journey to improved efficiency, compliance, and customer satisfaction is well within reach.

Omar Sequera

Technology Consultant specialized in energy

Seguir en:

linkedIn icon

Ready to transform your energy company?

Request a demo and find out how QUIXOTIC can help you.

See Demo
arrow white right
QUIXOTIC 360, SL has been a beneficiary of the Investigo 2023 Program of the Community of Madrid. Amount of the grant: 99.323,76€. Funded by the European Union - Next Generation EU.